High-production, minimal-discharge aquaponic systems and methods

ABSTRACT

High-production, minimal-discharge aquaponic systems and methods. The aquaponic systems separate waste water generated from fish tanks into two flow streams. In the first flow stream, suspended-waste water generated from the waste water is converted to nutrient-rich water and used for hydroponic plant growth. Nutrient-depleted water resulting from the hydroponic plant growth is fed back into fish tanks to continue the cycle. In the second flow stream, settleable solids generated from the waste water is converted to nutrient-rich sludge and used for solid or semi-solid substrate-based plant growth. Excess nutrient-rich water derived from the second flow stream is fed back into the first flow stream, thereby conserving water and nutrients within the system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Patent Application 61/468,926 filed Mar. 29, 2011, theentirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to aquaponic systems and methods.

BACKGROUND

Aquaponics is a sustainable method of food production that combinesaquaculture (fish farming) with hydroponic plant production. The mainmethod of aquaponics that is used in aquaponic food production is theraft system, which was primarily developed at the Agriculture ExperimentStation, University of the Virgin Islands over a 30 year period.

Conventional aquaponic systems typically include multiple fish tanks,raft tanks in which the plants are grown, and basic filtrationcomponents. Examples of conventional aquaponic systems are described inU.S. Pat. Pub. 2010/0031893 to Bodlovich et al. and U.S. Pat. Pub.2009/0301399 to Brown et al. Nitrification, a process that generatesnitrogen, is conventionally performed directly in the raft tanks.Conventional aquaponic raft systems typically produce daily discharge ofwater and fish waste. This discharge discards material that couldotherwise be used to increase plant production.

There is a need for an aquaponic system that nearly eliminates the waterand waste discharge associated with conventional aquaponic systems andincreases plant production.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention described herein includes aquaponic systems and methodsthat address the aforementioned needs.

One version of the invention is an aquaponic system that includes asolids separator configured to accept waste water and separatesettleable solids from suspended-waste water, a first componentconfigured to receive the suspended-waste water and convert thesuspended-waste water to nutrient-rich water suitable for hydroponicplant growth, a hydroponic growth apparatus configured to receive thenutrient-rich water for supporting hydroponic growth and to convert thenutrient-rich water to nutrient-depleted water, a fish tank configuredto receive the nutrient-depleted water and convert the nutrient-depletedwater to the waste water, and a second component configured to receivethe settleable solids and convert the settleable solids to nutrient-richsludge.

The first component preferably comprises a nutrification tank configuredto convert the suspended-waste water to mineralized water, anitrification tank configured to convert mineralized water to nitrifiedwater, and a degassing tank configured to convert the nitrified water tothe nutrient-rich water.

The hydroponic growth apparatus preferably comprises an apparatusselected from the group consisting of a hydroponic raft tank and anutrient film technique apparatus.

The second component preferably comprises a solids filter configured tocollect and process the settleable solids and to generate nutrient-richfiltrate water and the nutrient-rich sludge from the processedsettleable solids, wherein the nutrient-rich filtrate water ispreferably delivered back to the first component.

The system preferably further includes a substrate-based growthapparatus configured to receive the nutrient-rich sludge for supportingplant growth. The substrate-based growth apparatus is preferably asoilless media-filled growth bed.

The system also preferably further includes a sludge sump configured toreceive nutrient-rich sludge from the second component andnutrient-depleted sludge from the substrate-based growth apparatus togenerate a mixture, wherein the mixture is delivered to thesubstrate-based growth apparatus to support plant growth.

Another version of the invention is an aquaponic method that includesthe steps of separating waste water into settleable solids andsuspended-waste water, converting the suspended-waste water tonutrient-rich water suitable for hydroponic plant growth, growing plantsin a hydroponic growth apparatus with the nutrient-rich water whereinthe growing includes converting the nutrient-rich water tonutrient-depleted water, converting the nutrient-depleted water to thewaste water, and converting the settleable solids to nutrient-richsludge.

The step of converting the suspended-waste water to the nutrient-richwater preferably comprises sequentially converting the suspended-wastewater to mineralized water comprising ammonia while controllingdenitrification, converting the mineralized water to nitrified water byconverting ammonia to nitrate, and converting the nitrified water to thenutrient-rich water by removing gasses from the nitrified water.

The step of growing the plants in the hydroponic growth apparatuspreferably comprises a step selected from the group consisting ofgrowing the plants in a hydroponic raft tank and growing the plants in anutrient film technique apparatus.

The step of converting the settleable solids to nutrient-rich sludgepreferably comprises filtering the settleable solids to generatenutrient-rich filtrate water, wherein the method further comprisesconverting the nutrient-rich filtrate water to the nutrient-rich waterused for growing the plants in the hydroponic growth apparatus.

The method preferably further includes a step of growing plants in asubstrate-based growth apparatus, such as a soilless media-filled growthbed, with the nutrient-rich sludge.

The method preferably further includes steps of mixing nutrient-depletedsludge resulting from plant growth in the substrate-based growthapparatus with the nutrient rich sludge to generate a mixture, anddelivering the mixture to the soilless media-filled growth bed.

The aquaponic systems and methods described herein nearly eliminate thewater and waste discharge associated with conventional aquaponic systemsand drastically increase the plant production compared to those systems.The system components fully use all fish waste as fertilizer for plantgrowth and allow integration of leafy and fruiting crops in one system.The components also allow the grower to manipulate the ratios ofnitrogen to other elements in the solution, optimizing plant growth andquality. The increased nutrient availability also allows new plantingand spacing methods, further increasing plant production.

The aquaponic systems and methods described herein move aquaponics froma concept that is being applied on a small scale to one that can producemass amounts of food (protein and vegetables) for commercial venturesand for feeding the hungry and the growing global population.

The aquaponic systems and methods described herein enhance biologicalactivities including nitrification, which generates nitrogen, andnutrification, which generates other elements needed for plant growth,resulting in a clear, highly mineralized nutrient solution for theplants and a clean system with nearly zero discharge. Nutrient-richwater processed from waste-water suspensions is delivered to hydroponicgrowth apparatuses to increase production. Solid fish wastes arecaptured, processed, and utilized in additional plant culture systems,diversifying crops and further increasing crop production.

The objects and advantages of the invention will appear more fully fromthe following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of theinvention made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a schema of an exemplary aquaponic system of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 depicts a schema of an exemplary hydroponic growth apparatus ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The aquaponic systems of the present invention may include variouscombinations of elements selected from the group consisting of a solidsseparator 1, a nutrification tank 2, a nitrification tank 3, a degassingtank 4, any of a variety of hydroponic growth apparatuses 5 such as ahydroponic raft tank 51 and/or a nutrient film technique apparatus 52, asump tank 6, a fish tank 7, a solids filter 8, a sludge sump 9, and asubstrate-based growth apparatus 10. An exemplary aquaponic system 100of the present invention is provided in FIG. 1.

The solids separator 1 treats fish waste water 21 received from fishtanks 7 by separating settleable solids 28 from suspended-waste water22. “Settleable solids” refers to particulates that are capable ofsettling out of the waste water 21. “Suspended-waste water” refers tothe water residue remaining after removal of settleable solids, andincludes fish-waste particulates not capable of settling out of thewaste water 21 suspended therein. Various solids separators are known inthe art. Non-limiting examples of suitable solids separators 1 includeclarifiers, swirl separators, Imhoff tanks or cones, etc. In preferredversions, the solids separator 1 is a non-filtration solids separator.

The nutrification tank 2 is a multi-staged tank or set of tanks thatprovide habitat for heterotrophic bacteria to mineralize the suspendedfish waste in the suspended-waste water 22 into usable nutrients for thefish, thereby generating mineralized water 23. The term “mineralize” isused herein as in the art and refers to the break-down of solid, organicwaste material (fecal material from fish) to carbon dioxide, ammonia,and other compounds and components. By design, these tanks enhanceremoval of organic materials and control denitrification (i.e., theconversion (reduction) of nitrites and nitrate to gaseous nitrogen (N₂,NO, N₂O)). Mineralization is accomplished by any of a number of speciesof heterotrophic bacteria known in the art. Heterotrophic bacteria canbe either gram-positive (e.g., Bacillus) or gram-negative (e.g.,Pseudomonas, Escherichia). Some are strictly aerobic, but many arefacultative anaerobes (they can survive in both the presence and absenceof oxygen). Many species tolerate a wide range of environmentalconditions, including temperature, pH, salinity, etc.

The nitrification tank 3 provides habitat for nitrifying bacteria toconvert the mineralized water 23 to nitrified water 24. The nitrifyingbacteria perform nitrification, the biological oxidation of ammonia tonitrite and then nitrate. Nitrate is the primary form of nitrogen usedby plants. The nitrification process consists of two steps: (1)Oxidation of ammonia (NH₃) to nitrite (NO₂); and (2) Oxidation ofnitrite (NO₂) to nitrate (NO₃). Five genera are generally accepted asammonia oxidizers and four genera as nitrite oxidizers. Of these,Nitrosomonas (ammonia oxidizers) and Nitrobacter (nitrite oxidizers) arethe most important. The sustained growth of nitrifying bacteria is afunction of several parameters. Nitrifying bacteria are aerobicbacteria. This means they require dissolved oxygen in order tometabolize, grow, and reproduce. Sufficient alkalinity is alsoimportant. Alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity toneutralize acids. A variety of compounds, including bicarbonates, saltsof weak acids, and hydroxides contribute to alkalinity. When ammonia isoxidized during nitrification, protons (H+) are liberated. Alkalinity isneeded to neutralize these protons. In fact, 8.64 mg/l of alkalinity areconsumed for each mg/l of ammonia that is oxidized. Without sufficientalkalinity, the pH will drop, and nitrification will slow down or evenstop. Nitrification works best when the pH is between 6.5 and 8.5. Theprocess slows considerably at pH values outside this range. Optimaltemperature is also important, as extreme temperatures can impairnitrification efficiency.

The degassing tank 4 is configured to remove gasses dissolved in thewater in the system 100, such as nitrified water 24 and/or nutrient-richfiltrate water 34, thereby generating nutrient-rich water 25 suitablefor sustaining hydroponic growth. The gasses are introduced into thewater as a result of the biological processes that generate nutrients,such as those involved in the nutrification and nitrification steps.Various degassing tanks are well-known in the art and are suitable foruse in the present system 100.

The hydroponic growth apparatus 5 may comprise any apparatus or group ofapparatuses configured for supporting hydroponic growth. As shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, two exemplary apparatuses suitable for inclusion in thehydroponic growth apparatus 5 include hydroponic raft tanks 51 andnutrient film technique (NFT) apparatuses 52. In the process ofsupporting hydroponic growth, the hydroponic growth apparatus 5 convertsthe nutrient-rich water 25 to nutrient-depleted water 27.

Hydroponic raft tanks 51 generally comprise a tank of water with a waterinlet and a water outlet and hydroponic rafts floating on or suspendedabove the water. The hydroponic rafts are generally made fromconstruction grade polystyrene sheets and comprise holes with variouspots contained therein. Non-limiting examples of suitable pots includehydroponic net pots, horticultural horticubes, and rockwool cubes.Plants are grown in the pots in such a manner that their roots extend toand within the water.

NFT apparatuses 52 generally comprise water channels, preferably slopingchannels; a table frame to support the channels; water inlets andoutlets on either side of the channels; and, in some cases, a reservoirfor capturing water from the channels and recirculating the water to thechannels before returning the water back to other components of thesystem 100. A very shallow stream of water containing dissolvednutrients is circulated past the bare roots of plants in the channels,the latter of which constitute watertight gullies. The depth of therecirculating stream is very shallow, with little more than a film ofwater, thereby forming a “nutrient film.” A thick root mat develops inthe bottom of the channel and has an upper surface, which, althoughmoist, is exposed to the air. NFT apparatuses 52 are exceptional forexposing plants to adequate supplies of water, oxygen, and nutrients.NFT apparatuses 52 are useful for growing leafy crops such as lettuceand herbs.

A preferred configuration for the hydroponic growth apparatus 5, shownin FIG. 2, includes one NFT apparatus 52 and two hydroponic raft tanks51. The NFT apparatus 52 is configured in parallel with respect to thehydroponic raft tanks 51, and the hydroponic raft tanks 51 areconfigured in series with respect to each other. An excess of hydroponicraft tanks 51 included within a system may require diluting the water inthe system with “make-up” water from outside the system, which decreasesnutrient availability to all plants. Inclusion of NFT apparatuses 52increases plant production without diluting the water in the system oraffecting the ratio of water to fish within the system 100.

The sump tank 6 serves as a reservoir for the system 100. In thepreferred version, it is disposed between the hydroponic growthapparatus 5 and the fish tank 7 to store the nutrient-depleted water.However, the sump tank 6 may be disposed between any two componentsinvolved in the first flow path, described in detail below.

The fish tank 7 receives nutrient-depleted water 27 and houses fishtherein. In so doing, the nutrient-depleted water 27 is converted towaste water 21.

The solids filter 8 collects, processes, and blends settleable solids28, such as those received from the solids separator 1. Such settleablesolids 28 would not be used in a conventional raft system. The solidsfilter 8 also filters the processed and blended settleable solids 28 togenerate clear, nutrient-rich filtrate water 34 and nutrient-rich sludge29 as a retentate. The solids filter 8 preferably includes a filtrationtank, a bead filter, a pump to run the filter, and appropriate plumbingfor carrying out the above-mentioned processes. Collection andsubsequent use of the nutrient-rich sludge 29 and return of thenutrient-rich filtrate water 34 to the first flow path, as describedbelow, results in nearly zero waste and at least doubles the plantproduction compared to conventional aquaponic systems.

The sludge sump 9 is a reservoir for the nutrient-rich sludge 29generated by the solids filter 8. The nutrient-rich sludge 29 can bepumped from the sludge sump 9 to various substrate-based growthapparatuses 10 for use as fertilizer. The sludge sump 9 includes a sumptank, a pump for pumping the sludge from the sump tank, and appropriateplumbing. As nutrient-rich sludge 29 in the sludge sump 9 is preferablyconfigured not to return to the hydroponic growth apparatus 5 in thefirst flow path (see FIG. 1), adjustments to the pH and/or nutrientcomposition can be made in the sludge sump 9 to accommodate specificcrop needs in the substrate-based growth apparatuses 10.

The substrate-based growth apparatus 10 includes one or more apparatusesconfigured to grow plants in a solid or semi-solid substrate. Variousnon-limiting examples of substrate-based growth apparatuses 10 includesoilless media-filled growth beds and soil-filled growth beds. The bedsmay be contained indoors or outdoors and may be raised beds or in-groundbeds.

A preferred substrate-based growth apparatus 10 includes raised,soilless media-filled growth beds that include a frame, a liner, asoilless medium, aeration, and plumbing. The frame is covered with aliner and is filled with a soilless medium, such as expanded clay.Nutrient-rich sludge, such as from the sludge sump 9, is pumped into themedia bed and distributed throughout the bed. The sludge is very rich innutrients and is further broken down by microbes through themineralization process to release more nutrients over time. Aerationthat runs the length of the bottom of the media bed enhances thismicrobial activity. Indoor, soilless media-filled growth beds arepreferred for growing fruiting crops such as tomatoes, peppers, beans,squash, etc.

As shown in FIG. 1, the components of the system 100 described above arepreferably configured in two main flow paths. A first flow pathgenerates nutrient-rich water 25 from nutrient-depleted water 27 for useby the hydroponic growth apparatus 5. The second flow path generatesnutrient-rich sludge for use as fertilizer, for example, by thesubstrate-based growth apparatus 10.

In the first flow path, nutrient-depleted water 27 stored in the sumptank 6 is pumped to the fish tank 7. In the fish tank 7, thenutrient-depleted water 27 becomes replete with fish waste and flows tothe solids separator 1 as waste water 21. The solids separator 1separates the waste water 21 into settleable solids 28 andsuspended-waste water 22. The settleable solids 28 are sent to thesecond flow path, described below. The suspended-waste water 22 flows tothe nutrification tank 2 to generate mineralized water 23. Themineralized water 23 flows to the nitrification tank 3 to generatenitrified water 24. The nitrified water 24 flows to the degassing tank 4to generate nutrient-rich water 25. From there, the nutrient-rich water25 is transported to the hydroponic growth apparatus 5 to support plantgrowth. In the process of supporting plant growth, the nutrient-richwater 25 becomes nutrient-depleted water 27, the latter of which flowsback to the sump tank 6 for storage.

In a second flow path, the settleable solids 28 separated in the solidsseparator 1 flow to the solids filter 8. The settleable solids 28 maycontain just enough water required to move them through the system 100.However, the amount of water in the settleable solids 28 can be varieddepending on how much water is needed in the downstream substrate-basedgrowth apparatuses 10. The settleable solids 28 in the solids filter 8are preferably mixed with water draining from the nutrification tank 2and nitrification tank 3 (path not shown). The settleable solids 28 areprocessed in the solids filter 8, and nutrient-rich sludge 29 andnutrient-rich filtrate water 34 are separated by filtration. Thenutrient-rich filtrate water 34 is transferred to a component of thefirst flow path, such as the nutrification tank 2, nitrification tank 3,or, preferably, the degassing tank 4 (see FIG. 1). Transferring thenutrient-rich filtrate water 34 back to the first flow path makesadditional water and nutrients available to the hydroponic growthapparatus 5 for increased plant production and reduces the amount ofmake-up water required in the system 100. The nutrient-rich sludge 29 ispumped to the sludge sump 9 and then the substrate-based growthapparatus 10, where heterotrophic bacteria further process it to releasenutrients, thereby supporting additional plant growth. If a soillessmedia-filled growth bed is employed as a substrate-based growthapparatus 10, nutrient-depleted sludge 39 is preferably recycled fromthe substrate-based growth apparatus 10 back to the sludge sump 9 andmixed with the nutrient-rich sludge 29 entering from the solids filter8. As an alternative to or in addition to using the nutrient-rich sludge29 as fertilizer on-site in a substrate-based growth apparatus 10, thenutrient-rich sludge 29 may be packaged and sent off-site for use asfertilizer.

Pumps are preferably disposed throughout the system 100 to promote flowin the two flow streams. A pump may be operationally connected to thesump tank 6 for pumping nutrient-depleted water 27 to the fish tank 7.Another pump may be operationally connected to degassing tank 4 todeliver nutrient-rich water 25 to the NFT apparatus 52. Another pump maybe operationally disposed within the solids filter 8 to drivefiltration. Yet another pump may be operationally connected with thesludge sump 9 to pump the nutrient-rich sludge 29 therefrom. Thematerials (water and sludge) in the system 100 otherwise travelsthroughout the system 100 by gravity flow.

The system 100 may include one or more of any of the elements describedherein. If more than one of a particular element is included, theelements may be connected in series or in parallel. A preferred versionincludes four fish tanks 5; four solids separators 1, each fed by acorresponding one of the four fish tanks 5; two nutrification tanks 2disposed in series; one nitrification tank 3; a degassing tank 4 withseparate, parallel outlets to each of a hydroponic raft tank 51 and anNFT apparatus 52; a hydroponic growth apparatus 5 comprising twohydroponic raft tanks 51 mutually disposed in series and disposed inparallel with an NFT apparatus 52; one sump tank 5; one sludge sump 9;and two, parallel substrate-based growth apparatuses 10 independentlyconnected to the sludge sump 9 to recycle sludge therebetween.

In a conventional aquaponic system, any settleable solids and associatedwater would be discarded. By contrast, the aquaponic system 100described herein eliminates waste and retains water and nutrients withinthe system 100 without diluting the water by adding extra, fresh makeupwater. The use of the two streams, as well as the feedback from thesecond flow stream to the first, provides at least double the plantproduction compared to conventional aquaponic systems. In a conventionraft aquaponic system, the plant-to-fish production ratio is about10-to-1. With the system 100 described herein, the plant to fishproduction ratio can be about 20-to-1.

The elements and method steps described herein can be used in anycombination whether explicitly described or not. All combinations ofmethod steps as described herein can be performed in any order, unlessotherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context inwhich the referenced combination is made.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreferents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. For example,reference to “a substrate-based growth apparatus” may include one, two,three, or more substrate-based growth apparatuses.

All patents and patent publications cited herein are expresslyincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each werespecifically and individually indicated as being incorporated byreference. In case of conflict between the present disclosure and theincorporated references, the present disclosure controls.

It is understood that the invention is not confined to the particularconstruction and arrangement of parts herein illustrated and described,but embraces such modified forms thereof as come within the scope of thefollowing claims.

We claim:
 1. An aquaponic system comprising: a solids separatorconfigured to receive waste water and separate the waste water intosettleable solids and suspended-waste water; a first componentconfigured to receive the suspended-waste water and convert thesuspended-waste water to nutrient-rich water suitable for hydroponicplant growth, wherein the first component comprises, in series, anutrification tank configured to convert the suspended-waste water tomineralized water, a nitrification tank configured to convertmineralized water to nitrified water, and a degassing tank configured toconvert the nitrified water to the nutrient-rich water; a hydroponicgrowth apparatus configured to receive the nutrient-rich water, tosupport hydroponic growth, and to convert the nutrient-rich water tonutrient-depleted water; a fish tank configured to receive thenutrient-depleted water and convert the nutrient-depleted water to thewaste water; a second component configured to receive the settleablesolids and convert the settleable solids to nutrient-rich sludge; asubstrate based growth apparatus configured to receive the nutrient-richsludge for supporting plant growth, wherein the substrate-based growthapparatus is a soilless media-filled growth bed; and a sludge sumpconfigured to receive nutrient-rich sludge from the second component andnutrient-depleted sludge from the substrate-based growth apparatus togenerate a mixture, and to deliver the mixture to the substrate-basedgrowth apparatus.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the first componentcomprises a nutrification tank configured to mineralize thesuspended-waste water, generate ammonia, and control denitrification. 3.The system of claim 1 wherein the first component comprises anitrification tank configured to perform nitrification.
 4. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the first component comprises a degassing tank.
 5. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the hydroponic growth apparatus comprises anapparatus selected from the group consisting of a hydroponic raft tankand a nutrient film technique apparatus.
 6. The system of claim 1wherein the hydroponic growth apparatus comprises at least twohydroponic raft tanks mutually configured in series and togetherconfigured in parallel with a nutrient film technique apparatus.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the second component comprises a solids filterconfigured to collect and process the settleable solids and to generatethe nutrient-rich sludge from the settleable solids.
 8. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the second component comprises a solids filterconfigured to generate nutrient-rich filtrate water from the settleablesolids and deliver the nutrient-rich filtrate water to the firstcomponent.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the second componentcomprises a solids filter configured to receive water draining from thefirst component.
 10. An aquaponic method comprising: separating wastewater into settleable solids and suspended-waste water; converting thesuspended-waste water to nutrient-rich water suitable for hydroponicplant growth, wherein the converting the suspended-waste water to thenutrient-rich water comprises, sequentially: converting thesuspended-waste water to mineralized water comprising ammonia whilecontrolling denitrification; converting the mineralized water tonitrified water, comprising converting the ammonia to nitrate throughnitrification; and converting the nitrified water to the nutrient-richwater by removing classes from the nitrified water; growing plants in ahydroponic growth apparatus with the nutrient-rich water, wherein thegrowing includes converting the nutrient-rich water to nutrient-depletedwater; converting the nutrient-depleted water to the waste water; andconverting the settleable solids to nutrient-rich sludge, wherein theconverting the settleable solids to the nutrient-rich sludge comprisesfiltering the settleable solids to generate nutrient-rich filtratewater, and further comprising converting the nutrient-rich filtratewater to the nutrient-rich water used for the growing the plants in thehydroponic growth apparatus.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein thegrowing the plants in the hydroponic growth apparatus comprises a stepselected from the group consisting of growing the plants in a hydroponicraft tank and growing the plants in a nutrient film technique apparatus.12. The method of claim 10 further comprising growing plants in asubstrate-based growth apparatus with the nutrient-rich sludge.
 13. Themethod of claim 10 further comprising growing plants in a soillessmedia-filled growth bed with the nutrient-rich sludge.
 14. The method ofclaim 13 wherein the growing the plants in the soilless media-filledgrowth bed comprises converting the nutrient-rich sludge tonutrient-depleted sludge, and further comprising mixing thenutrient-depleted sludge with the nutrient rich sludge to generate amixture and delivering the mixture to the soilless media-filled growthbed.